Saturday, October 31, 2009
Micro Day & Organization
Friday, October 30, 2009
Tri-3, Wk8, Day 168 - Friday
- This is one class where you have to work hard just to get a D. This would be evident by the number of people from the trimester ahead of us that weren't able to get through and are taking the class again.
- We're studying Hemodynamic Disorders which basically consist of the follow...
- Edema - the accumulation of fluid in tissue or body cavities caused by mechanisms that involve the blood flow, composition of plasma, the vessel wall and the adjacent tissue.
- Hyperemia & Congestion - hyperemia is an active process involving dilation of the arterioles, whereas congestion refers to passive stagnation of blood in the veins.
- Hemorrhage - (bleeding), an escape of blood from blood vessels or the heart. Hemorrhages can be classified according to the site of origin, i.e., Cardiac, Arterial, Capillary or Venous
- Hemostasis & Trombosis - Both processes are based on the coagulation of blood. Hemostasis ("stopping of hemorrhage") is the physiologic process designed to stop the bleeding from ruptured blood vessels. Thrombosis is a pathologic form of coagulation of circulating blood inside intact vascular spaces.
- Infarct - Infarcts develop as a result of obstruction of the arterial and venous blood flow or hypoperfusion of tissues.
- Embolism - Emboli are particulate, fluid or gaseous material carried by the bloodstream from the site of their origin or entry into the circulation to other parts of the body. Emboli are classified according to the material from which they are formed.
- Shock - an important clinical conditoin caused by circulatory collapse that occurs under many conditions, always resulting from a hypoperfusion of tissues.
- streptococcus pyogenes
- streptococcus agalactiae
- streptococcus faecalis
- streptococcus pneumoniae
Thursday, October 29, 2009
Tri-3, Wk8, day 167 - Thursday
OK - I've been home for about an hour and a half and just screwed around and had a bite to eat & now it's time to hit the books. For organizational purposes, I'll go ahead and summarize any classes I had yesterday that are different than I had today.
Tri-1, Wk8, Day 166 - Wednesday
Wednesday, October 28, 2009
Tri-3, Wk8, Day 165 - Tuesday
- Well Leg Raise, Fajerstan's Test
- Laquerres Test
- Goldthwait Test
- Gaenslen Test
- Cox Test
- Laseque Differential Test
- Milgram's Test
- Linder's Test
- Soto Hall Test - This test is similar to Linder's test except we hold the pt's chest down. If we see an immediate reaction of the knees buckling up then it could be due to Spinal Meningitus and would need to follow up by taking the pt's temperature and sending them to ER if temp is elevated
- We are supposed to look up the Kering Test on our own and note it's similarities to Linder's and the Soto Test.
- Patient is on their side and the lateral displacement of the spionous process is up – ie, a lateral discplacement to the left would mean the pt would be on their right side and the well adducted thumb would be superior to the midline and line of drive would be towards the floor.
- Pituitary gland = hypophysis
- Rathke's pouch = roof of the mouth (where anterior part comes from)
- Anterior pituitary = adenohypophysis
- Posterior pituitary = neurohypophysis
- ADH is made in the Supra-Optic Nucleus
- Oxytocin is made in the Paraventricular Nucleus
Tuesday, October 27, 2009
_W_E_A_P_O_N_S - OF - W_A_R_
WEAPONS
OF
WAR
Staff Sergeant Skip Dee skillfully & stealthily closes in on the enemy stronghold – a lawless group of German soldiers held up in the basement of an old, dilapidated stone house built sometime in the early 1800’s. After carefully casing the old fortress, Skip notices a broken window pane and peering in through the window is a long, dank hallway with slatted wood flooring. About 30 feet away is an opening in the flooring, a crevice just large enough for a hand grenade to fall through and wipe out the enemy. Having been a star baseball picture in high school as well as a promising minor league baseball player before being drafted into the war, Sergeant Skip was reasonably confident that he could hit that mark w/ the grenade. Sgt Dee made his pitch and deftly threw the grenade through the opening, watched it hit the floor, roll along and almost come to a complete stop when it made one final rotation and fell into the crevice he was aiming for.
We’ve got stuff like that in going on in our own bodies on a regular basis. Instead of hallways, we’ve got blood vessels. Instead of hand grenades, we have leukocytes. Our munitions and manufacturing for many of these weapons is done safely and discretely in the depths of our bones, in the bone marrow. We may not always have holes in our blood vessels but we do have an arsenal of weaponry which can increase the permeability of our blood vessels at a moments notice.
Instead of Germans, let’s say we have uninvited bacteria in our system. That’s enough to get the ball rolling or, in this case, the leukocyte rolling …literally. A leukocyte is a white blood cell.
Oh, and Herr Bacteria, did you really think you could hide? Think again. You can’t go more than two cells in the human body with out running into a capillary and those blood vessels are the leukocytes conduit – the transportation system which will deliver your impending doom. Silly bacteria, the cells which make up the walls of the blood vessels are easily alerted to your presence.
Here comes the hand grenade in the form of a leukocyte – a big white sphere of destruction. The smaller, faster moving red blood cells tend to push the leukocyte towards the walls of the blood vessels and once it hits the wall it’s going to start to roll – literally. And then, the white blood cells is going to stop ….then it’s going to start to seep through the wall of the blood vessel – it knows you’re out there – that’s why it stopped where it did. It’s going to seep through the wall and then destroy you!
There’s so much of a story with the human body it’s hard to know where to begin but, let’s start with that rolling and seeping of the leukocyte. Yeah, the military has C4 but, we’ve got C4 too and that’s just the beginning.
The reason that white blood cell starts to roll along the blood vessel wall and begin it’s adhesion is due to a family of molecules known as Selectins.
Military: C4, X-15, F-16 hornet, ….yawn….
HUMAN BODY:
Selectin Family:
CD62E aka E-selectin, found on endothelium (that’s what vessel walls are made of)
CD62P aka P-selectin, found on endothelium & platelets
CD62L aka L-selectin, found on surface of most leukocytes
I know what you’re saying… CD62E, P & L aren’t ALWAYS there, are they – other wise our white blood cells would always be rolling and starting to stick all over the place. Well, of course not! We’re smart & in a brilliantly manufactured, supremely designed bod. Remember – The bacteria started it! Normally, P-selectin would be quietly held in inside the cells in nice little homes called Weibel-Palade bodies BUT, the bacteria provoked us – it started the fight! Histamine and thrombin has a tendency to wake up things like P-selectin. Similarly, E-selectin isn’t looking for any trouble either but, bacteria also up IL-1 (interlukin 1) and TNF (tumor necrosis factor) which, in turn, caused E-selecting to come out of hiding.
Now then, we said the leukocyte came to a stop ….yeah – that’s pretty cool also. How does it know where to stop? It now gives me great pride to introduce another family and, this isn’t just any family…it’s a SuperFamily! Ladies and gentlemen, straight from you’re very own intermolecular make up, allow me to introduce ….the IMMUNOGLOBULIN SUPERFAMILY!!!!
Military: ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missle), NORAD
HUMAN BODY:
Immunoglobulin Superfamily:
ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1
VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
TNF & IL-1 induce the expression of both ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. The superfamily resides on the endothelial cells. Integrins are expressed on the leukocyte cell surface and the Superfamily and Integrins are going to hook up! This hook up is what causes the leukocyte to finally stop rolling and finally settle down, maybe meet a nice leukocyte of the opposite sex and see if it’s not too late for a little mitosis action – oh wait, that’s a different story.
What is an Integrin? Why they are transmembrane heterodimeric glycoproteins of course! Now, aren’t you sorry you asked? But really Sally, Integrins are just pieces on the wall of the leukocyte cell that are going to hook up with the superfamily, that’s all. Yeah, but I bet the Integrins have really cool names that go with them, don’t they? They sure do Bill! Just check out this list of binding integrins….
HUMAN BODY:
Binding Integrins for ICAM-1:
LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18)
Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18)
Binding Integrins for VCAM-1:
VLA-4
OK – keep things clear here. The ICAM and VCAM are members of the Superfamily which reside on the blood vessel walls - and the Integrins are what pokes out of the leukocyte cell walls. Maybe ICAM is a little fickle, I don’t know but he sure seems to like BOTH LFA-1 and Mac-1. VCAM is a little more reasonable and just goes for the VLA-4 ….maybe VCAM is a purist and only likes other entities which start with the letter V. who knows.
What we have here is a very small glimpse into the Pathology of Warfare as presented by the human body and concludes our hand grenade story but allow me to preview a glimpse of coming attractions…
In the military we have divisions commonly known as as Air Force, Army, Marines & Navy. Don’t think the leukocytes & human body is outdone because it has it’s own divisions of Leukocytes known as Lymphocytes, Granulocytes and Monocytes. These subdivisions also have their own unique brand of special forces just as the military has it’s Green Beret’s and Navy SEALS.
Lymphocyte Special Forces include
B cells,
T cells,
Natural Killers (NK’s)
Granulocytes Special Forces:
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocyte Special Forces:
Macrophages (several different types)
Monday, October 26, 2009
Tri-3, Wk8, Day 164 - Monday!
- Public Health - ...amazing - I went to the class and I know I took notes but I can't find them right now. Maybe I misfiled them. Anyway - We got a handout from Chapter 26 of our Microbiology book which is a chapter on Applied Microbiology which has to do with Preventing Disease Transmission & Food Spoilage. It's probably not the most exciting stuff but probably a good class for me to pay attention to since I'm sort of like one of those guys that hasn't traditionally always adhered to the best food prep practices. So, in that respect, I rather appreciate classes like todays. :)
- Pathology I - We went through the rest of our Inflammation powerpoint presentation today from slide 127 to slide 136. And our test is tomorrow - fun, fun, fun :) We started with Laboratory findings in inflammation and this is where you need to know the difference between your fire trucks, police cars, ambulances and tow trucks - each one may be an emergency type of vehicle but each also has specific responsibilities. In pathology these vehicles have slightly less familiar names. The Neutrophil shows up when dealing with a bacterial infection & they're usually the first on the scene. Lymphocytes show up for a viral infection. Leukopenia makes it's debute when there are many viruses ...I guess they are like the National Guard and Eosinophils like to party with parasites & allergies.
- Diversified II - This is our adjusting class. Today seemed a bit like a review as we went like a machine gun through every adjusting technique we've learned since the beginning of the trimester. I need to do a lot more work in this class.
- Logan Basic I - Good ol' Dr. Montgomery's Class - and the man really is a treat to have as a teacher. We always seem to learn something new & fascinating. ...now I just have to remember what that was today! Ah, I typed my notes out straight into my laptop. We covered some Hip Joint Disease, biomechanics of the pelvis and also learned a few things about Joe Montana and Bo Jackson. It seems one of Joe Montana's IVDs (intervetebral disc) was a bit undersized. Dr. Montgomery was a consultant for Montana which makes me wonder if there were any HIPPA violations from him telling us about Joe but, with Joe being such a celebrity I'm thinking much of what was said was probably public knowledge. Dr. Montgomery also told us about a patient he'd been working on for the past 6 - 8 months. A 40 year old female, slight build who's coccyx was injured when the girl was 6 years old. At that time the sacral area is in about 14 pieces and after the injury, since no chiropractic care was given that area of the lady's lower back ended up fusing together as a flat plate instead of having a nice curve. This has given the lady problems her whole life and the lady was on several tranquilizers to help subdue the extra neural stimulation from her spine being out of whack. With Dr. M's treatments, the lady's MD's were able to take her off two of the tranquilizers she's been using. However - chiropractic can only do so much with a body part that was fused together the wrong way - The option the lady is now facing is surgery to break the sacral/coccygeal bones and then have them set the way they should have been set & fused when she was younger. With this lady, I think I'd seriously consider having the surgery if I was her.
- Physiology II - We finished up chapter 18 from the Tortora book on Hormone Regulation. I have a TON to do for this class. I have something interesting in my notes, it says "Open Your Eyes - Don't Be Such A Passenger!" I guess you can think of that as a title of a book or article. I was falling asleep pretty hard in that class today and, quite frankly, I'm surprised I haven't been to bed yet for a nap. But, I was thinking that concept of don't be such a passenger might be a good axiom for life in general.
Saturday, October 24, 2009
Tri-3, Wk7, Day 163 - Friday
Thursday, October 22, 2009
Tri-3, Wk7, Day 162 - Thursday MD vs DC
Minimum Required Hours
Chiropractic College | Medical School | |
456 | Anatomy/Embryology. | 215 |
243 | Physiology | 174 |
296 | Pathology | 507 |
161 | Chemistry/Biochemistry | 100 |
145 | Microbiology | 145 |
408 | Diagnosis | 113 |
149 | Neurology | 171 |
56 | Psychology/Psychiatry | 323 |
66 | Obstetrics & Gynecology | 284 |
271 | X-ray | 13 |
168 | Orthopedics | 2 |
2,419 | Total Hours for Degree | 2,047 |
Wednesday, October 21, 2009
Tri-3, Wk7, Day 161 - Wednesday
It's about 2 a.m. Wednesday morning and I've been doing my best to study for my Philosophy III midterm which takes place at 7:20 a.m. in spite of my computer crashing 4 times already.
Tuesday, October 20, 2009
Tri-3, Wk7, Day 160 - Tuesday
Monday, October 19, 2009
Tri-3, Wk6 & Wk7 - Days 157, 158, 159 - Thur, Fri, Mon
Wow - I didn't realize it had been so long since my last blog. I've been having some computer issues lately and getting the blue screen of death multiple times each day - not sure what's wrong. I might suggest a MAC to others and may end up with one myself before the DC program is out.
Wednesday, October 14, 2009
Tri-3, Wk5 & Wk6, Days 154, 155, 156 - Fri, Mon, Tue
Today is field at Logan college of chiropractic which means no classes so that the different trimesters at the college may compete against each other in various sporting events. I, living an hour away from the college have opted not to take the journey however, perhaps one day before I graduate I'll check out Field Day.
Thursday, October 8, 2009
Tri-3, Wk5, Day 153 - Thursday
just a quickie here - got a Public Health test tomorrow, third period so not much time to study before the test at school. I friend from school mentioned that the PH test were harder than the microbiology test. I sure hope not. I think I'm going to get to bed early and get some alarms set for 2 a.m.